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1.
Rev. urug. cardiol ; 38(1): e405, 2023. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS, UY-BNMED, BNUY | ID: biblio-1515549

ABSTRACT

La ablación de las venas pulmonares se ha convertido en un tratamiento clave para fibrilación auricular (FA). Sin embargo, pueden ocurrir recurrencias. La estrategia disponible para la ablación después de una recurrencia de FA es controvertida, compleja y desafiante, y la información es limitada. Mediante la presentación de una serie de casos se resumen y discuten elementos clave en la comprensión y tratamiento del paciente con FA recurrente sintomática después de un procedimiento inicial de ablación de venas pulmonares que requiere un nuevo procedimiento de ablación. En las últimas décadas se ha obtenido una mejor comprensión de los mecanismos fisiopatológicos implicados en la FA recurrente posterior a ablación de venas pulmonares, lo que permite identificar factores asociados, crear scores predictores e implementar técnicas de optimización o estrategias adicionales para mejorar la durabilidad y la eficacia del aislamiento de venas pulmonares. Debido a que la reconexión de venas pulmonares es un hallazgo típico durante los procedimientos repetidos, ésta debe ser considerada el objetivo principal de una nueva ablación. Las estrategias de ablación adicional (desencadenantes extrapulmonares o sustratos arritmogénicos) son controvertidas y requieren investigaciones futuras.


Pulmonary vein ablation has become a key treatment for atrial fibrillation (AF). However, recurrences can occur. The ideal strategy for ablation after AF recurrence is controversial, complex, and challenging, with limited data available. By presenting a series of cases, we summarize and discuss key elements in the understanding and treatment of patients with symptomatic recurrent AF after an initial pulmonary vein ablation procedure who are subjected to a new ablation procedure. In recent decades, there has been a better understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in recurrent AF after pulmonary vein ablation, making it possible to identify associated factors, create predictive scores and implement optimization techniques or additional strategies to improve the durability and efficacy of pulmonary veins isolation. Because pulmonary vein reconnection is a typical finding during repeat procedures, it should be considered the primary goal for a repeat ablation procedure. Additional ablation strategies (extrapulmonary triggers or arrhythmogenic substrates) are controversial and require further investigation.


A ablação das veias pulmonares tornou-se um tratamento chave para fibrilação atrial (FA). No entanto, podem ocorrer recorrências. A estratégia ideal para a ablação após uma recorrência da FA é controversa, complexa e desafiadora e existem dados limitados. Através da apresentação de uma série de casos resumimos e discutimos elementos chave no entendimento e tratamento do paciente com FA recorrente sintomática após um procedimento inicial de ablação de veias pulmonares, que são submetidos a um novo procedimento de ablação. Nas últimas décadas obteve-se uma melhor compressão dos mecanismos fisiopatológicos envolvidos na FA recorrente pós-ablação de veias pulmonares, isso permite identificar fatores associados, criar scores preditores, implementar técnicas de otimização ou estratégias adicionais para melhorar a durabilidade e eficácia do isolamento de veias pulmonares. Dado que a reconexão de veias pulmonares é um achado típico durante os procedimentos repetidos deve ser considerado o objetivo principal para uma nova ablação. As estratégias de ablação adicional (desencadeadores extrapulmonares ou substratos arritmogénicos) são controversas e requerem investigação futura.


Subject(s)
Humans , Pulmonary Veins/surgery , Atrial Fibrillation/surgery , Catheter Ablation , Pulmonary Veins/physiopathology , Recurrence , Atrial Fibrillation/physiopathology
2.
Int. j. cardiovasc. sci. (Impr.) ; 35(4): 530-536, July-Aug. 2022. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1385261

ABSTRACT

Abstract Background: Although electrical and structural remodeling has been recognized to be important in the pathophysiology of atrial fibrillation, the mechanisms underlying remodeling process are unknown. There has been increasing interest in the involvement of inflammatory molecules and adipokines released from the epicardial fat tissue in the pathophysiology of atrial fibrillation. Objectives: In our study, we aimed to investigate the relationship of atrial fibrillation with increased epicardial adipose tissue, inflammatory molecules released from this tissue and omentin. Methods: Thirty-six patients who were followed up with a diagnosis of permanent AF at the cardiology outpatient clinic 33 individuals without atrial fibrillation (controls) were included in the study. Epicardial adipose tissue thickness of patients was measured by echocardiography. Serum omentin, IL 6, IL 1 beta, TNF alpha and CRP levels were measured. Man-Whitney U test was performed for comparisons and significance was established at 5% (p<0.05). Results: Epicardial adipose tissue thickness was significantly greater in the patient group (6mm [4-5.5]) than controls (4mm [3-5.5]) (p <0.001). No significant difference was found in the concentrations of omentin or inflammatory molecules between the groups. Conclusion: No relationship was found between atrial fibrillation and serum levels or omentin or inflammatory markers. A relationship between epicardial adipose tissue thickness measured by echocardiography and atrial fibrillation was determined.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Pericardium/anatomy & histology , Atrial Fibrillation/physiopathology , Adipose Tissue , Echocardiography , Biomarkers , Adipokines/physiology
5.
Arq. bras. cardiol ; 114(2): 209-218, Feb. 2020. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1088870

ABSTRACT

Abstract Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is associated with increased mortality in heart failure (HF) patients. Objective: To evaluate whether the risk of AF patients can be precisely stratified by relation with cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) cut-offs for heart transplantation (HT) selection. Methods: Prospective evaluation of 274 consecutive HF patients with left ventricular ejection fraction ≤ 40%. The primary endpoint was a composite of cardiac death or urgent HT in 1-year follow-up. The primary endpoint was analysed by several CPET parameters for the highest area under the curve and for positive (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) in AF and sinus rhythm (SR) patients to detect if the current cut-offs for HT selection can precisely stratify the AF group. Statistical differences with a p-value <0.05 were considered significant. Results: There were 51 patients in the AF group and 223 in the SR group. The primary outcome was higher in the AF group (17.6% vs 8.1%, p = 0.038). The cut-off value of pVO2 for HT selection showed a PPV of 100% and an NPV of 95.5% for the primary outcome in the AF group, with a PPV of 38.5% and an NPV of 94.3% in the SR group. The cut-off value of VE/VCO2 slope showed lower values of PPV (33.3%) and similar NPV (92.3%) to pVO2 results in the AF group. Conclusion: Despite the fact that AF carries a worse prognosis for HF patients, the current cut-off of pVO2 for HT selection can precisely stratify this high-risk group.


Resumo Fundamento: A fibrilação atrial (FA) está associada ao aumento da mortalidade em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca (IC). Objetivo: Avaliar se o risco de pacientes com FA pode ser estratificado com precisão em relação aos pontos de corte do teste de esforço cardiopulmonar (TECP) para seleção do transplante cardíaco (TC). Métodos: Avaliação prospectiva de 274 pacientes consecutivos com IC com fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo ≤ 40%. O endpoint primário foi um composto de morte cardíaca ou TC urgente no seguimento de 1 ano. O endpoint primário foi analisado através de vários parâmetros do TECP para a maior área sob a curva e para o valor preditivo positivo (VPP) e negativo (VPN) em pacientes com FA e ritmo sinusal (RS) para detectar se os atuais pontos de corte para a seleção de TC podem estratificar com precisão o grupo com FA. Diferenças estatísticas com valor de p < 0,05 foram consideradas significativas. Resultados: Havia 51 pacientes no grupo de FA e 223 no grupo RS. O endpoint primário foi maior no grupo FA (17,6% vs. 8,1%, p = 0,038). O valor de corte de pVO2 para a seleção do TC mostrou um VPP de 100% e um VPN de 95,5% para o endpoint primário no grupo FA, com um VPP de 38,5% e um VPN de 94,3% no grupo RS. O valor de corte da inclinação VE/VCO2 apresentou valores mais baixos de VPP (33,3%) e valor semelhante de VPN (92,3%) aos resultados de pVO2 no grupo FA. Conclusões: Apesar do fato de a FA apresentar um pior prognóstico para os pacientes com IC, o atual ponto de corte de pVO2 para a seleção de TC pode estratificar com precisão esse grupo de alto risco.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Atrial Fibrillation/physiopathology , Atrial Fibrillation/mortality , Risk Assessment/standards , Exercise Test/standards , Heart Failure/physiopathology , Oxygen/metabolism , Oxygen Consumption/physiology , Prognosis , Reference Standards , Stroke Volume/physiology , Time Factors , Proportional Hazards Models , Multivariate Analysis , Prospective Studies , Risk Factors , Follow-Up Studies , Statistics, Nonparametric , Exercise Test/methods , Heart Failure/mortality
7.
Rev. bras. cir. cardiovasc ; 34(6): 711-722, Nov.-Dec. 2019. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1057503

ABSTRACT

Abstract Objective: To determine the role of the dishevelled binding antagonist of beta catenin 1 (DACT1) in the cytoskeletal arrangement of cardiomyocytes in atrial fibrillation (AF). Methods: The DACT1 expression and its associations with the degree of fibrosis and β-catenin in valvular disease patients were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and Masson's staining. DACT1 was overexpressed in the atrial myocyte cell line (HL-1) and the cardiac cell line (H9C2) by adenoviral vectors. Alterations in the fibrous actin (F-actin) content and organization and the expression of β-catenin were detected by flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, and Western blotting. Additionally, the association of DACT1 with gap junctions connexin 43 (Cx43) was detected by immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, and Western blotting. Results: Decreased cytoplasmic DACT1 expression in the myocardium was associated with AF (P=0.037) and a high degree of fibrosis (weak vs. strong, P=0.028; weak vs. very strong, P=0.029). A positive association was observed between DACT1 and β-catenin expression in clinical samples (P=0.028, Spearman's rho=0.408). Furthermore, overexpression of DACT1 in HL-1 and H9C2 cells induced an increase in β-catenin and subsequent partial colocalization of DACT1 and β-catenin. In addition, F-actin content and organization were enhanced. Interestingly, DACT1 was positively correlated with the Cx43 expression in clinical samples (P=0.048, Spearman's rho=0.370) and changed the Cx43 distribution in cardiac cell lines. Conclusion: DACT1 proved to be a novel AF-related gene by regulating Cx43 via cytoskeletal organization induced by β-catenin accumulation in cardiomyocytes. DACT1 could thus serve as a potential therapeutic marker for AF.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Young Adult , Atrial Fibrillation/metabolism , Cytoskeleton/metabolism , Nuclear Proteins/metabolism , Connexin 43/metabolism , Myocytes, Cardiac/cytology , Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/metabolism , Atrial Fibrillation/physiopathology , Atrial Fibrillation/genetics , Immunohistochemistry , Nuclear Proteins/genetics , Cell Movement , Connexin 43/genetics , Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/genetics
8.
Rev. bras. cir. cardiovasc ; 34(5): 525-534, Sept.-Oct. 2019. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1042053

ABSTRACT

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the factors impacting on the conversion to sinus rhythm and on the postoperative rhythm findings in the six-month follow-up period of a mitral valve surgery combined with cryoablation Cox-Maze III procedure, in patients with atrial fibrillation. Methods: In this study, we evaluated 80 patients who underwent structural valve disease surgery in combination with cryoablation. Indications for the surgical procedures were determined in the patients according to the presence of rheumatic or non-rheumatic structural disorders in the mitral valve as evaluated by echocardiography. Cox-Maze III procedure and left atrial appendix closure were applied. Results: The results of receiver operating characteristics analysis indicated that the rate of conversion to the sinus rhythm was significantly higher in patients with left atrial diameters ≥ 45.5 mm and with ejection fraction (EF) ≥ 48.5%. However, the statistical differences disappeared in the sixth month. Thromboembolic (TE) events were seen only in three patients in the early period and no more TE events occurred in the six-month follow-up period. Conclusion: The EF and the preoperative left atrial diameter were determined to be the factors impacting on the conversion to sinus rhythm in patients who underwent mitral valve surgery in combination with cryoablation. Mitral valve surgery in combination with ablation for atrial fibrillation does not affect mortality and morbidity in the experienced health centers; however, it remains controversial whether it will provide additional health benefits to the patients compared to those who underwent only mitral valve surgery.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Atrial Fibrillation/surgery , Atrial Fibrillation/physiopathology , Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation/methods , Cryosurgery/methods , Heart Rate/physiology , Mitral Valve/surgery , Postoperative Period , Reference Values , Atrial Fibrillation/prevention & control , Time Factors , Retrospective Studies , Risk Factors , Sensitivity and Specificity , Treatment Outcome , Electrocardiography , Preoperative Period , Heart Atria/surgery , Mitral Valve/physiopathology
9.
Rev. bras. cir. cardiovasc ; 34(5): 535-541, Sept.-Oct. 2019. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1042052

ABSTRACT

Abstract Introduction: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is defined as an association between diabetes, hypertension, obesity and dyslipidemia and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Mitral annular calcification (MAC) is associated with several cardiovascular disorders, including coronary artery disease, atrial fibrillation (AF), heart failure, ischemic stroke and increased mortality. The CHA2DS2-VASc score is used to estimate thromboembolic risk in AF. However, the association among MAC, MetS and thromboembolic risk is unknown and was evaluated in the current study. Methods: The study group consisted of 94 patients with MAC and 86 patients with MetS. Patients were divided into two groups: those with and those without MAC. Results: Patients with MAC had a higher MetS rate (P<0.001). In patients with MAC, the CHA2DS2-VASc scores and the rate of cerebrovascular accident and AF were significantly higher compared to those without MAC (P<0.001, for both parameters). The results of the multivariate regression analysis showed that history of smoking, presence of MetS and high CHA2DS2-VASc scores were associated with the development of MAC. ROC curve analyses showed that CHA2DS2-VASc scores were significant predictors for MAC (C-statistic: 0.78; 95% CI: 0.706-0.855, P<0.001). Correlation analysis indicated that MAC was positively correlated with the presence of MetS and CHA2DS2-VASc score (P=0.001, r=0.264; P<0.001, r=0.490). Conclusion: We have shown that CHA2DS2-VASc score and presence of MetS rates were significantly higher in patients with MAC compared without MAC. Presence of MAC was correlated with CHA2DS2-VASc score, presence of MetS, AF and left atrial diameter and negatively correlated with left ventricular ejection fraction.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Thromboembolism/etiology , Calcinosis/complications , Heart Valve Diseases/complications , Mitral Valve/physiopathology , Atrial Fibrillation/physiopathology , Stroke Volume/physiology , Thromboembolism/physiopathology , Calcinosis/physiopathology , Echocardiography , Logistic Models , Prospective Studies , Risk Factors , Sensitivity and Specificity , Statistics, Nonparametric , Risk Assessment/methods , Metabolic Syndrome/complications , Metabolic Syndrome/physiopathology , Heart Valve Diseases/physiopathology
10.
Arq. bras. cardiol ; 112(5): 501-508, May 2019. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1011187

ABSTRACT

Abstract Background: Radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) is a standard procedure for patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) not responsive to previous treatments, that has been increasingly considered as a first-line therapy. In this context, perioperative screening for risk factors has become important. A previous study showed that a high left atrial (LA) pressure is associated with AF recurrence after ablation, which may be secondary to a stiff left atrium. Objective: To investigate, through a systematic review and meta-analysis, if LA stiffness could be a predictor of AF recurrence after RFCA, and to discuss its clinical use. Methods: The meta-analysis followed the MOOSE recommendations. The search was performed in MEDLINE and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases, until March 2018. Two authors performed screening, data extraction and quality assessment of the studies. Results: All studies were graded with good quality. A funnel plot was constructed, which did not show any publication bias. Four prospective observational studies were included in the systematic review and 3 of them in the meta-analysis. Statistical significance was defined at p value < 0.05. LA stiffness was a strong independent predictor of AF recurrence after RFCA (HR = 3.55, 95% CI 1.75-4.73, p = 0.0002). Conclusion: A non-invasive assessment of LA stiffness prior to ablation can be used as a potential screening factor to select or to closely follow patients with higher risks of AF recurrence and development of the stiff LA syndrome.


Resumo Fundamento: A ablação por cateter de radiofrequência (ACRF) é um procedimento padrão para pacientes com fibrilação atrial (FA) não responsivos a tratamentos prévios, que tem sido cada vez mais considerada como terapia de primeira linha. Nesse contexto, o screening para fatores de risco perioperatório tornou-se importante. Um estudo prévio mostrou que uma pressão do átrio esquerdo (AE) elevada está associada a recorrência de FA após a ablação, podendo ser secundária a um AE rígido. Objetivo: Investigar, por meio de revisão sistemática e metanálise, se a rigidez do AE é um preditor de recorrência de FA após ACRF, e discutir seu uso na prática clínica. Métodos: A metanálise foi realizada seguindo-se as recomendações do MOOSE. A busca foi realizada nas bases de dados MEDLINE e Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, até março de 2018. Dois autores realizaram triagem, extração de dados e avaliação da qualidade dos estudos. Resultados: Todos os estudos obtiveram boa qualidade. Um gráfico de funil foi construído, não identificando viés de publicação. Quatro estudos prospectivos observacionais foram incluídos na revisão sistemática e 3 deles na metanálise. Foi adotado o nível de significância estatística de p < 0,05. Rigidez do AE foi um forte preditor independente da recorrência de FA após ACRF (HR = 3,55, IC 95% 1,75-4,73, p = 0,0002). Conclusão: A avaliação não invasiva da rigidez do AE antes da ablação pode ser utilizada como um potencial fator de rastreamento para a seleção ou acompanhamento de pacientes com maiores riscos de recorrência de FA e desenvolvimento da síndrome do AE rígido.


Subject(s)
Humans , Atrial Fibrillation/physiopathology , Atrial Function, Left/physiology , Catheter Ablation , Atrial Remodeling/physiology , Prognosis , Recurrence , Atrial Fibrillation/diagnosis , Predictive Value of Tests
11.
Arq. bras. cardiol ; 112(4): 441-450, Apr. 2019. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1001289

ABSTRACT

Abstract Background: Recent studies suggest that left atrial (LA) late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) can quantify the underlying tissue remodeling that harbors atrial fibrillation (AF). However, quantification of LA-LGE requires labor-intensive magnetic resonance imaging acquisition and postprocessing at experienced centers. LA intra-atrial dyssynchrony assessment is an emerging imaging technique that predicts AF recurrence after catheter ablation. We hypothesized that 1) LA intra-atrial dyssynchrony is associated with LA-LGE in patients with AF and 2) LA intra-atrial dyssynchrony is greater in patients with persistent AF than in those with paroxysmal AF. Method: We conducted a cross-sectional study comparing LA intra-atrial dyssynchrony and LA-LGE in 146 patients with a history of AF (60.0 ± 10.0 years, 30.1% nonparoxysmal AF) who underwent pre-AF ablation cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) in sinus rhythm. Using tissue-tracking CMR, we measured the LA longitudinal strain in two- and four-chamber views. We defined intra-atrial dyssynchrony as the standard deviation (SD) of the time to peak longitudinal strain (SD-TPS, in %) and the SD of the time to the peak pre-atrial contraction strain corrected by the cycle length (SD-TPSpreA, in %). We used the image intensity ratio (IIR) to quantify LA-LGE. Results: Intra-atrial dyssynchrony analysis took 5 ± 9 minutes per case. Multivariable analysis showed that LA intra-atrial dyssynchrony was independently associated with LA-LGE. In addition, LA intra-atrial dyssynchrony was significantly greater in patients with persistent AF than those with paroxysmal AF. In contrast, there was no significant difference in LA-LGE between patients with persistent and paroxysmal AF. LA intra-atrial dyssynchrony showed excellent reproducibility and its analysis was less time-consuming (5 ± 9 minutes) than the LA-LGE (60 ± 20 minutes). Conclusion: LA Intra-atrial dyssynchrony is a quick and reproducible index that is independently associated with LA-LGE to reflect the underlying tissue remodeling.


Resumo Fundamento: Estudos recentes sugerem que o realce tardio com gadolínio (RTG) no átrio esquerdo (AE) pode quantificar a remodelação tecidual subjacente que abriga a fibrilação atrial (FA). No entanto, a quantificação do RTG-AE requer um trabalho intenso de aquisição por ressonância magnética e pós-processamento em centros experientes. A avaliação da dessincronia intra-atrial no AE é uma técnica de imagem emergente que prediz a recorrência da FA após ablação por cateter. Nós levantamos as hipóteses de que 1) a dessincronia intra-atrial está associada ao RTG-AE em pacientes com FA e 2) a dessincronia intra-atrial é maior em pacientes com FA persistente do que naqueles com FA paroxística. Método: Realizamos um estudo transversal comparando a dessincronia intra-atrial no AE e o RTG-AE em 146 pacientes com história de FA (60,0 ± 10,0 anos, 30,1% com FA não paroxística) submetidos à ressonância magnética cardíaca (RMC) durante ritmo sinusal antes da ablação da FA. Com utilização de RMC com tissue tracking, medimos o strain longitudinal do AE em cortes de duas e quatro câmaras. Definimos a dessincronia intra-atrial como o desvio padrão (DP) do tempo até o pico do strain longitudinal (DP-TPS, em %) e o DP do tempo até o pico do strain antes da contração atrial corrigido pela duração do ciclo (DP-TPSpreA, em %). Utilizamos a razão da intensidade da imagem (RIM) para quantificar o RTG-AE. Resultados: A análise da dessincronia intra-atrial levou 9 ± 5 minutos por caso. A análise multivariada mostrou que a dessincronia intra-atrial no AE esteve independentemente associada ao RTG-AE. Além disso, a dessincronia intra-atrial no AE foi significativamente maior em pacientes com FA persistente do que naqueles com FA paroxística. Por outro lado, não houve diferença significativa no RTG-AE entre pacientes com FA persistente e paroxística. A dessincronia intra-atrial no AE mostrou excelente reprodutibilidade e sua análise foi menos demorada (5 ± 9 minutos) do que o RTG-AE (60 ± 20 minutos). Conclusão: A dessincronia intra-atrial no AE é um índice rápido, reprodutível e independentemente associado ao RTG-AE para indicar remodelação tecidual subjacente. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2019; 112(4):441-450)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Aged , Atrial Fibrillation/physiopathology , Atrial Fibrillation/diagnostic imaging , Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods , Atrial Remodeling/physiology , Atrial Fibrillation/therapy , Stroke Volume/physiology , Time Factors , Echocardiography/methods , Linear Models , Observer Variation , Cross-Sectional Studies , Reproducibility of Results , Catheter Ablation/methods , Electrocardiography/methods , Heart Atria/physiopathology , Heart Atria/diagnostic imaging
12.
Rev. Soc. Bras. Clín. Méd ; 17(1): 53-55, jan.-mar. 2019.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1026195

ABSTRACT

No Brasil, a cirrose é um problema de saúde pública, que afeta aproximadamente 2 milhões de pessoas. As causas mais comuns são a doença hepática alcoólica, as hepatites virais e a doença hepática não alcoólica. A relação entre desordens cardíacas e hepatopatias é descrita na literatura, e a mais importante delas é o prolongamento do intervalo QT. A cirrose, independente de sua causa, é uma patologia frequentemente encontrada na população brasileira. Por este motivo, elucidar dados referentes às arritmias cardíacas em pacientes cirróticos é de grande importância dentro do estudo desta subpopulação. O objetivo deste artigo é fazer uma revisão de literatura com as informações referentes a epidemiologia, fisiopatologia, fatores de risco e prognóstico para as arritmias cardíacas em portadores de cirrose. (AU)


In Brazil, cirrhosis is a public health problem affecting approximately 2 million people. The most common causes are alcoholic liver disease, viral hepatitis, and non-alcoholic liver disease. The relationship between cardiac disorders and liver diseases is described in the literature, and the most important one is the QT interval prolongation. Cirrhosis, regardless of its causes, is a pathology that is frequently found in the Brazilian population. For this reason, elucidating data regarding cardiac arrhythmias in cirrhotic patients is of great importance within the study of this subpopulation. The aim of this article is to review the literature with information on the epidemiology, pathophysiology, risk factors, and prognosis for cardiac arrhythmias in patients with cirrhosis. (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Arrhythmias, Cardiac/etiology , Liver Cirrhosis/complications , Arrhythmias, Cardiac/diagnosis , Arrhythmias, Cardiac/physiopathology , Arrhythmias, Cardiac/epidemiology , Prognosis , Atrial Fibrillation/physiopathology , Atrial Flutter/physiopathology , Hepatorenal Syndrome/physiopathology , Long QT Syndrome/physiopathology , Risk Factors , Hemodynamics/physiology , Liver Cirrhosis/diagnosis , Liver Cirrhosis/physiopathology , Liver Cirrhosis/epidemiology , Cardiomyopathies/physiopathology
13.
Rev. bras. anestesiol ; 69(1): 82-86, Jan.-Feb. 2019. graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-977417

ABSTRACT

Abstract Background and objective: Atrial fibrillation is the most common cardiac arrhythmia, which may occur during the perioperative period and lead to hemodynamic instability due to loss of atrial systolic function. During atrial fibrillation management, electrical cardioversion is one of the therapeutic options in the presence of hemodynamic instability; however, it exposes the patient to thromboembolic event risks. Transesophageal echocardiography is a diagnostic tool for thrombi in the left atrium and left atrial appendage with high sensitivity and specificity, allowing early and safe cardioversion. The present case describes the use of transesophageal echocardiography to exclude the presence of thrombi in the left atrium and left atrial appendage in a patient undergoing non-cardiac surgery with atrial fibrillation of unknown duration and hemodynamic instability. Case report: Male patient, 74 years old, hypertensive, with scheduled abdominal surgery, who upon cardiac monitoring in the operating room showed atrial fibrillation undiagnosed in preoperative electrocardiogram, but hemodynamic stable. During surgery, the patient showed hemodynamic instability requiring norepinephrine at increasing doses, with no response to heart rate control. After the end of the surgery, transesophageal echocardiography was performed with a thorough evaluation of the left atrium and left atrial appendage and pulsed Doppler analysis of the left atrial appendage with mean velocity of 45 cm.s-1. Thrombus in the left atrium and left atrial appendage and other cardiac causes for hemodynamic instability were excluded. Therefore, electrical cardioversion was performed safely. After returning to sinus rhythm, the patient showed improvement in blood pressure levels, with noradrenaline discontinuation, extubation in the operating room, and admission to the intensive care unit. Conclusion: In addition to a tool for non-invasive hemodynamic monitoring, perioperative transesophageal echocardiography may be valuable in clinical decision making. In this report, transesophageal echocardiography allowed the performance of early and safely cardioversion, with reversal of hemodynamic instability, and without thromboembolic sequelae.


Resumo Justificativa e objetivos: A fibrilação atrial é a arritmia cardíaca mais comum, pode ocorrer durante todo período perioperatório e gerar instabilidade hemodinâmica devido à perda da função sistólica atrial. No manejo da fibrilação atrial, a cardioversão elétrica é uma das opções terapêuticas quando há instabilidade hemodinâmica, entretanto expõe o paciente a risco de eventos tromboembólicos. A ecocardiografia transesofágica é uma ferramenta que diagnostica trombos no átrio esquerdo e apêndice atrial esquerdo com alta sensibilidade e especificidade e permite a cardioversão precoce e segura. O presente caso descreve o uso da ecocardiografia transesofágica para excluir a presença de trombos no átrio esquerdo e apêndice atrial esquerdo em um paciente submetido à cirurgia não cardíaca com fibrilação atrial de duração desconhecida e instabilidade hemodinâmica. Relato de caso: Paciente, masculino, 74 anos, hipertenso, com cirurgia abdominal programada, que à monitoração cardíaca em sala operatória apresentava ritmo de fibrilação atrial não documentada em eletrocardiograma pré-operatório, porém estável hemodinamicamente. Durante a cirurgia, apresentou instabilidade hemodinâmica com necessidade de noradrenalina em doses crescentes, sem resposta ao controle de frequência cardíaca. Após o término da cirurgia, a ecocardiografia transesofágica foi feita com uma avaliação minuciosa do átrio esquerdo e apêndice atrial esquerdo e análise Doppler pulsado do apêndice atrial esquerdo com velocidade média de 45 cm.s-1. Foram excluídos trombo em átrio esquerdo e apêndice atrial esquerdo e outras causas cardíacas para instabilidade hemodinâmica. Dessa forma, foi feita cardioversão elétrica com segurança. Após retorno ao ritmo sinusal, o paciente apresentou melhoria dos níveis pressóricos com retirada da noradrenalina, extubação em sala operatória e transferência para unidade de terapia intensiva. Conclusão: Além de ferramenta para monitoração hemodinâmica pouco invasiva, a ecocardiografia transesofágica no perioperatório pode ser valiosa na tomada de decisões clínicas. Nesse relato, a ecocardiografia transesofágica permitiu que a cardioversão fosse feita precocemente e com segurança, revertendo o quadro de instabilidade hemodinâmica sem sequelas tromboembólicas.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Aged , Atrial Fibrillation/physiopathology , Surgical Procedures, Operative , Thrombosis/diagnostic imaging , Echocardiography, Transesophageal , Clinical Decision-Making , Heart Diseases/diagnostic imaging , Hemodynamics , Intraoperative Complications/physiopathology , Atrial Fibrillation/complications , Atrial Fibrillation/therapy , Thrombosis/etiology , Electric Countershock , Intraoperative Care/methods , Intraoperative Complications/therapy
14.
Arch. cardiol. Méx ; 88(3): 204-211, jul.-sep. 2018. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1088751

ABSTRACT

Resumen Introducción y objetivos: Dronedarona y flecainida son antiarrítmicos de primera elección para reducir recurrencias de fibrilación auricular (FA), sin existir estudios que los comparen entre sí. Nuestro objetivo es comparar la eficacia en cuanto a prevención de recurrencias y seguridad de ambos fármacos. Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo en el que se incluyeron 123 pacientes de forma consecutiva en tratamiento con flecainida o dronedarona desde octubre de 2010 hasta febrero de 2013 por FA paroxística (76.4%) y FA persistente (23.6%). Se realizó cardioversión eléctrica en un 7.3% de los pacientes y farmacológica en un 16.3%. La mediana (rango intercuartílico) de seguimiento fue de 301 días (92-474), con una media de 2.8 revisiones por paciente. Se realizó análisis de tiempo hasta el primer evento mediante Kaplan-Meier y regresión de Cox ajustada por un índice de propensión. Resultados: De entre los 123 sujetos incluidos con FA, 71 fueron tratados con flecainida y 52 con dronedarona. Durante el seguimiento se registraron 36 recurrencias y 20 efectos adversos. Se documentaron un 36.6% de recurrencias en los pacientes tratados con flecainida en comparación con un 21% en los tratados con dronedarona (p = 0.073). En el análisis multivariante, dronedarona se mostró al menos tan eficaz como flecainida para prevenir recurrencias de FA (HR: 0.53, IC 95%: 0.20-1.44, p = 0.221) y demostró un perfil de seguridad comparable al de flecainida (HR: 0.68, IC 95%: 0.18-2.53, p = 0.566). Conclusiones: Según nuestra experiencia, dronedarona resulta al menos tan eficaz como flecainida para el mantenimiento de ritmo sinusal, con un buen perfil de tolerabilidad, a pesar de pautarse en pacientes con un perfil clínico más desfavorable.


Abstract Introduction and objectives: Dronedarone and flecainide are the first pharmacological choice to reduce recurrence of atrial fibrillation (AF); however, there are no studies comparing them. A study was performed to compare the efficacy in terms of recurrence of AF and safety of both drugs. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted that included 123 consecutive patients treated with flecainide or dronedarone due to paroxysmal AF (76.4%) or persistent AF (23.6%), from October 2010 to February 2013. Electrical cardioversion was performed in 7.3% of patients and pharmacological cardioversion in 16.3%. The median (interquartile range) follow-up was 301 days (92-474) with a mean of 2.8 reviews per patient. Time to first event analysis was performed using Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression, adjusted for propensity score. Results: Of the 123 consecutive patients with AF included, 71 were on dronedarone and 52 on flecainide. During the follow-up, there were 36 AF recurrences and 20 safety events. There were recurrences in 36.6% of patients treated with flecainide, compared with 21% of those receiving dronedarone (P = .073). Dronedarone showed to be at least as effective as flecainide in preven- ting recurrence of atrial fibrillation (HR: 0.53, 95% CI: 0.20-1.44, P = .221), and demonstrated an acceptable safety profile when compared with flecainide (HR: 0.68, 95% CI: 0.18-2.53, P = .566). Conclusions: In our experience, dronedarone has been at least as effective and safe as flecainide, despite it was most frequently prescribed in patients with worse baseline risk profile.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Atrial Fibrillation/drug therapy , Flecainide/therapeutic use , Dronedarone/therapeutic use , Anti-Arrhythmia Agents/therapeutic use , Recurrence , Atrial Fibrillation/physiopathology , Proportional Hazards Models , Retrospective Studies , Cohort Studies , Follow-Up Studies , Treatment Outcome , Kaplan-Meier Estimate , Anti-Arrhythmia Agents/adverse effects
15.
Arq. bras. cardiol ; 111(2): 122-131, Aug. 2018. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-950208

ABSTRACT

Abstract Background: Long-term monitoring has been advocated to enhance the detection of atrial fibrillation (AF) in patients with stroke. Objective: To evaluate the performance of a new ambulatory monitoring system with mobile data transmission (PoIP) compared with 24-hour Holter. We also aimed to evaluate the incidence of arrhythmias in patients with and without stroke or transient ischemic attack. Methods: Consecutive patients with and without stroke or TIA, without AF, were matched by propensity score. Participants underwent 24-hour Holter and 7-day PoIP monitoring. Results: We selected 52 of 84 patients (26 with stroke or TIA and 26 controls). Connection and recording times were 156.5 ± 22.5 and 148.8 ± 20.8 hours, with a signal loss of 6,8% and 11,4%, respectively. Connection time was longer in ambulatory (164.3 ± 15.8 h) than in hospitalized patients (148.8 ± 25.6 h) (p = 0.02), while recording time did not differ between them (153.7 ± 16.9 and 143.0 ± 23.3 h). AF episodes were detected in 1 patient with stroke by Holter, and in 7 individuals (1 control and 6 strokes) by PoIP. There was no difference in the incidence of arrhythmias between the groups. Conclusions: Holter and PoIP performed equally well in the first 24 hours. Data transmission loss (4.5%) occurred by a mismatch between signal transmission (2.5G) and signal reception (3G) protocols in cell phone towers (3G). The incidence of arrhythmias was not different between stroke/TIA and control groups.


Resumo Fundamentos: Monitorização prolongada permite maior detecção de fibrilação atrial (FA) em pacientes com acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) isquêmico criptogênico. Não há consenso sobre a duração ideal da monitorização ou o valor prognóstico da FA de curta duração. Objetivos: Avaliar o desempenho de um novo sistema de monitorização ambulatorial (PoIP) com transmissão por telefonia celular, comparado ao Holter 24 horas, e a ocorrência de arritmias comparando pacientes com e sem AVC ou ataque isquêmico transitório (AIT). Métodos: Pacientes consecutivos com e sem AVC/AIT, sem FA, foram pareados pelo escore de propensão. Foi utilizado Holter 24 horas e o PoIP por 7 dias. Resultados: Selecionamos 52 de 84 pacientes (26 com AVC/AIT agudo e 26 controles). O tempo de conexão foi de 156,5 ± 22,5 horas e o de gravação no servidor foi de 148,8 ± 20,8 horas, com perdas de 6,8 e 11,4%, respectivamente. Houve maior tempo de conexão nos pacientes ambulatoriais (164,3 ± 15,8 h) que nos hospitalizados (148,8 ± 25,6h) (p = 0,02) com tempo de gravação semelhante (153,7 ± 16,9 e 143 ± 23,3 h). Detectamos FA pelo Holter em 1 paciente com AVC e pela monitorização prolongada em 7 (1 controle e 6 AVC). Não houve diferença na incidência de outras arritmias entre os grupos. Conclusões: Holter e PoIP tiveram desempenho equivalente nas primeiras 24 horas. O menor tempo de monitorização nos pacientes hospitalizados ocorreu por sinal de baixa intensidade. Perda de dados (4,5%) ocorreu por discrepância entre protocolos de transmissão (2,5G) e recepção pelas antenas (3G). A incidência de arritmias não diferiu entre os grupos AVC/AIT e controle.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Aged , Atrial Fibrillation/diagnosis , Brain Ischemia/complications , Prognosis , Atrial Fibrillation/etiology , Atrial Fibrillation/physiopathology , Case-Control Studies , Brain Ischemia/physiopathology , Electrocardiography, Ambulatory , Cell Phone
16.
Mem. Inst. Invest. Cienc. Salud (Impr.) ; 16(2): 113-122, Ago. 2018. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS, BDNPAR | ID: biblio-998111

ABSTRACT

La disfunción del nódulo sinusal (DNS) es generalmente secundaria a la senescencia del nodo sinusal y del miocardio auricular circundante. Los pacientes con este trastorno son a menudo añosos y en general presentan otras comorbilidades. Los pacientes a menudo buscan atención médica con síntomas de aturdimiento, pre-síncope, síncope y, en pacientes con periodos alternantes de bradicardia y taquicardia, palpitaciones u otros síntomas asociados con una frecuencia cardíaca rápida. Debido a que los síntomas pueden ser de naturaleza variable, inespecíficos y frecuentemente transitorios, a veces puede ser difícil establecer esta relación síntoma-alteración electrocardiográfica. Los hallazgos electrocardiográficos típicos son uno o más episodios de bradicardia sinusal extrema (Rubenstein Tipo I), o pausas sinusales, paro y bloqueo de salida sinoatrial (Rubenstein Tipo II), o episodios de bradicardia y/o pausas alternantes con taquiarritmias auriculares (Rubenstein Tipo III). Las investigaciones basadas en el registro de electrogramas locales auriculares anormalmente prolongados y fraccionados durante el ritmo sinusal y su distribución característica en la aurícula derecha de pacientes con DNS han aportado un conocimiento importante sobre las propiedades electrofisiológicas de la aurícula patológica. El electrograma auricular anormal traduce una conducción auricular irregular, caracterizada por una actividad eléctrica local no homogénea, relacionada con una conducción anisotrópica, no uniforme y retardada a través de un miocardio auricular patológico, en el que se pueden originar arritmias por reentrada. La detección de electrogramas auriculares anormales en la DNS identifica a un grupo de pacientes con vulnerabilidad auricular aumentada y con una incidencia significativamente mayor de episodios espontáneos o inducidos de fibrilación auricular(AU)


Sinus node dysfunction (SND) is often secondary to senescence of the sinus node and surrounding atrial myocardium. Patients with this disorder are frequently elderly and generally have other comorbidities. Patients with SND often seek medical attention with symptoms of lightheadedness, presyncope, syncope, and, in patients with alternating periods of bradycardia and tachycardia, palpitations and/or other symptoms associated with a rapid heart rate. Because symptoms may be variable in nature, nonspecific, and frequently transient, it may be challenging at times to establish this symptom-rhythm relationship. Typical electrocardiographic findings are one or more episodes of extreme sinus bradycardia (Rubenstein type I), or sinus pauses, arrest, and sinoatrial exit block (Rubenstein type II), or alternating bradycardia and atrial tachyarrhythmias (Rubenstein type III). Investigations based on the recording of abnormally prolonged and fractionated local atrial electrograms during sinus rhythm and their characteristic distribution in the right atrium of patients with SND have provided important knowledge about the pathological atrium electrophysiological properties. Abnormal atrial electrogram results in an irregular atrial conduction, characterized by a non-homogeneous local electrical activity, related to an anisotropic, non-uniform and delayed conduction through a pathological atrial myocardium, in which reentry arrhythmias may arise. Abnormal atrial electrograms detection in SND identifies a group of patients with increased atrial vulnerability and a significantly higher incidence of spontaneous or induced episodes of atrial fibrillation(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Sick Sinus Syndrome/physiopathology , Electrophysiologic Techniques, Cardiac , Atrial Fibrillation/physiopathology , Sick Sinus Syndrome/diagnosis , Sick Sinus Syndrome/etiology
17.
Rev. Soc. Cardiol. Estado de Säo Paulo ; 28(3 (supl)): 345-352, jul.-set. 2018. tab
Article in English, Portuguese | LILACS, SES-SP, SESSP-IDPCPROD, SES-SP | ID: biblio-964372

ABSTRACT

As emergências cardiológicas podem causar rápidas e profundas alterações na resposta metabólica e sistêmica. Essas alterações contribuem acentuadamente para a mobilização das reservas corporais que repercutirão no estado nutricional. A avaliação nutricional, ainda que não seja realizada na fase crítica da assistência interdisciplinar, deverá ser realizada o quanto antes, visando a adoção da alimentação adequada e reposição hídrica e de eletrólitos. O uso de ferramentas subjetivas capazes de estimar o risco nutricional global é de fácil aplicação devido a sua praticidade e rapidez. Entre essas destaca-se o Nutritional Risk Score ­ NRS 2002. Sempre que possível, a avaliação nutricional global deve ser complementada pela avaliação nutricional objetiva e pelo uso de marcadores nutricionais bioquímicos, os quais auxiliarão na avaliação mais precisa do estado nutricional do paciente crítico. Essas ferramentas devem ser utilizadas por nutricionistas treinados e os resultados devem ser discutidos pela equipe multidisciplinar de terapia nutricional que decidirá as estratégias mais adequadas para o início da terapia nutricional precoce nos quadros de emergências cardiológicas


Cardiac emergencies can cause rapid and profound changes in the metabolic and systemic response. These changes contribute significantly to the mobilization of body reserves, which will affect nutritional status. Nutritional evaluation, although not performed in the critical phase of interdisciplinary care, should be carried out as early as possible in order to ensure an adequate diet, and water and electrolyte replacement. The use of subjective tools capable of estimating the global nutritional risk is easy to apply due to its effective and rapid application. One such tool is the Nutritional Risk Score ­ NRS 2002. Whenever possible, the global nutritional assessment should be complemented with objective nutritional assessment and the use of biochemical nutritional markers, which will help obtain a more accurate evaluation of the nutritional status of the critically ill patient. These tools should be applied by trained nutritionists, and the results should be discussed by the multidisciplinary nutritional therapy team, which will decide on the most appropriate strategies for the initiation of early nutritional therapy in cardiac emergency situations


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Cardiology , Nutrition Assessment , Emergencies , Prognosis , Atrial Fibrillation/complications , Atrial Fibrillation/physiopathology , Cardiovascular Surgical Procedures/adverse effects , Cardiovascular Surgical Procedures/methods , Ultrasonics/methods , Body Mass Index , Anthropometry/methods , Guidelines as Topic/standards , Heart Diseases/surgery , Hospitalization
18.
Arq. bras. cardiol ; 110(5): 449-454, May 2018. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-950154

ABSTRACT

Abstract Background: The catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation (AF) is performed less frequently in women. In addition, there is divergent information in the literature regarding the effectiveness and safety for the ablative procedure to females. Objectives: The objective of this study was to compare the clinical characteristics and outcomes in men and women undergoing paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF) ablation. Methods: Cohort study of patients undergoing first-ever PAF catheter ablation procedure refractory to antiarrhythmic drugs. The information was taken from patients' records by means of a digital collection instrument and indexed to an online database (Syscardio®). Clinical characteristics and procedures were compared between each gender (M x F), adopting a level of statistical significance of 5%. The primary endpoint associated with efficacy was freedom from atrial arrhythmia over the follow-up time. Results: 225 patients were included in the study, 64 (29%) women and 161 (71%) men. Women presented more symptoms due to AF according to the CCS-SAF score (1.8 ± 0.8M x 2.3 ± 0.8F p = 0.02) and higher CHADS2 score compared to men (0.9 ± 0.8M x 1.2 ± 1F). Post-ablation recurrence occurred in 20% of the patients, with no difference based on gender (21% M x 20% F p = 0.52). The rate of complications was less than 3% for both groups (p = 0.98). Conclusion: Women undergoing the first-ever PAF catheter ablation procedure present similar complication rate and clinical outcome compared to men. These findings suggest that the current underutilization of AF catheter ablation in women may represent a discrepancy in care.


Resumo Fundamento: A ablação por cateter da fibrilação atrial (FA) é realizada com menor frequência em mulheres. Além disso, há informações divergentes na literatura em relação à eficácia e segurança do procedimento ablativo no sexo feminino. Objetivos: O objetivo deste estudo é comparar as características clínicas e desfechos em homens e mulheres submetidos à ablação de fibrilação atrial paroxística (FAP). Métodos: Estudo do tipo coorte de pacientes submetidos ao primeiro procedimento de ablação por cateter de FAP refratária a drogas antiarrítmicas. As informações foram retiradas dos prontuários dos pacientes por meio de instrumento digital de coleta e indexadas a uma base de dados online (Syscardio®). As características clínicas e procedimentos foram comparados entre gêneros (H x M), sendo adotado nível de significância estatística de 5%. O desfecho primário associado à eficácia foi ausência de arritmia atrial ao longo do seguimento com único procedimento. Resultados: 225 pacientes foram incluídos no estudo, 64 (29%) mulheres e 161 (71%) homens. Mulheres apresentaram mais sintomas devido à FA segundo o escore CCS-SAF (1,8 ± 0,8H x 2,3 ± 0,8M p = 0,02) e maior escore CHADS2 em relação aos homens (0,9 ± 0,8H x 1,2 ± 1M). A recorrência pós-ablação ocorreu em 20% dos pacientes, não havendo diferença associada ao gênero (21%H x 20%M p = 0,2). A taxa de complicações foi inferior a 3%, tanto para homens como mulheres (p = 0,8). Conclusão: Mulheres submetidas ao primeiro procedimento de ablação por cateter de FAP apresentam taxa de complicação e desfecho clínico semelhante comparado aos homens. Estes achados sugerem que a atual subutilização da ablação de FA por cateter em mulheres possa representar uma discrepância no cuidado.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Pulmonary Veins/physiopathology , Atrial Fibrillation/surgery , Sex Factors , Postoperative Complications , Atrial Fibrillation/physiopathology , Treatment Outcome , Catheter Ablation , Kaplan-Meier Estimate , Cardiac Electrophysiology , Anti-Arrhythmia Agents/therapeutic use
19.
RELAMPA, Rev. Lat.-Am. Marcapasso Arritm ; 31(2)abr.-jun. 2018. ilus, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, SES-SP, SESSP-IDPCPROD, SES-SP | ID: biblio-913972

ABSTRACT

O eletrocardiograma corresponde ao registro gráfico da atividade elétrica cardíaca. As ondas que o compõem são obtidas por meio de cabos-eletrodos posicionados de maneira convencional na superfície corpórea, e, por essa razão, apresentam características tanto de duração como de morfologia bem estabelecidas. Quaisquer modificações dessas ondas podem indicar alterações da atividade elétrica, de átrios e/ou de ventrículos. Esse conceito é importante não somente para se diagnosticar um desarranjo muscular, mas também para se estadiar uma doença e estabelecer o prognóstico. A fibrilação atrial é uma arritmia frequente, cuja incidência aumenta com a idade e com o acúmulo de fatores de risco relacionados a sua origem. Várias doenças que surgem ao longo da vida agridem o tecido atrial, causando desarranjos elétrico e estrutural atriais, que podem se manifestar como modificações das características das ondas p, tais como morfologia e duração, bem como de sua relação com o intervalo PR. Essas alterações, quando detectadas, podem ser úteis na identificação precoce dos pacientes mais propensos a terem fibrilação atrial, e sua presença, associada a escores clínicos que definem indivíduos mais "doentes", tem se mostrado um aliado útil no manuseio clínico dessa população. Este trabalho tem como objetivo atualizar esses conceitos para a prática clínica


The electrocardiogram is a graphical recording of cardiac electrical activity. The waves in an electrocardiogram are obtained by means of electrode-cables positioned in a conventional way on the body surface and for this reason, their characteristics, including both duration and morphology, are well established. Any changes in these waves may indicate electrical activity changes of the atria and/or ventricles. This concept is important not only for diagnosing heart muscle disease but also for staging the disease and establishing prognosis. Atrial fibrillation is a frequent arrhythmia whose incidence increases with age and with the accumulation of risk factors related to its origin. Several diseases which develop throughout a patient's lifetime cause atrial tissue lesions and atrial electrical and structural derangements whose manifestations may be modifications of p wave characteristics such as its morphology and duration, as well as its relationship with the PR interval. These changes, when detected, may be useful for the early identification of patients most likely to have atrial fibrillation and their presence, along with clinical scores that define "sicker" individuals, have been shown to be a useful ally in the clinical management of this population. The purpose of this study is to update these concepts for the clinical practice


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Patients , Atrial Fibrillation/diagnosis , Atrial Fibrillation/physiopathology , Risk Factors , Electrocardiography/methods , Arrhythmias, Cardiac/diagnosis , Prognosis , Tobacco Use Disorder , Diagnostic Imaging/methods , Calcium Channels , p Wave , Heart Atria/diagnostic imaging , Heart Ventricles/diagnostic imaging , Obesity
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